I-MassRobotics ikhipha indinganiso yokuqala yokusebenzisana kwamarobhothi eselula evulekile yokuqala emhlabeni
Amaphampu omlilo ayingxenye eyinhloko nebalulekile yezinhlelo eziningi zokuvikela umlilo ezisekelwe emanzini, njengezifafazi, izikhuphukeli, amanzi anegwebu, izifutho zamanzi kanye nenkungu yamanzi, futhi afanelekela inhlobonhlobo yezicelo zezentengiselwano nezimboni. Uma kunqunywa ukuthi kuyadingeka ngokuhlaziywa kwe-hydraulic noma ezinye izinhloso, ukufakwa kwepompo yomlilo kunikeza ukugeleza kwamanzi nokucindezela okudingekayo ohlelweni lokulwa nomlilo. Ngaphandle kwepompo yomlilo eklanywe kahle futhi efakwe, uhlelo lokuvikela umlilo alukwazi ukulindela ukufeza imigomo yalo.
Lesi sihloko sibika ngezinye zezinguquko ezibalulekile kuhlelo lwango-2013 lwe-NFPA 20 Standard for Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection, eyakhishwa ehlobo lika-2012. Izidingo zokufakwa kwephampu nomlilo kanye nendima ye-NFPA ekusunguleni lezi. izidingo.
Sekukonke, i-NFPA 20 ithole iziphakamiso zokuchitshiyelwa ezingu-264, ukuphawula okusemthethweni okulandelwayo okungu-135, kanye nezenzo ezi-2 eziyimpumelelo endaweni kuNgqungquthela Yombiko Wezobuchwepheshe we-NFPA 2012 Las Vegas.
Amaphampu omlilo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amaphampu aphakathi nendawo noma amaphampu omlilo ahamba kahle, afakwe ohlwini ngokuqondile, futhi amazinga abuyekeziwe ukuze acacise ukuthi amaphampu omlilo kuphela angasetshenziswa ukulwa nomlilo. Uhlelo lwangaphambilini lwaluhloselwe “amanye amaphampu”, izici zawo zokuklama zazihlukile kulezo ezishiwo ezingeni elivamile, futhi zavumela amanye amaphampu anjalo ukuba afakwe ezindaweni ezisohlwini lwalebhu yokuhlola. Kodwa-ke, njengoba wonke amaphampu kagesi ahlukaniswa njengemishini kagesi, abanye abantu bahumusha lokhu kulungiselelwa njengokuvumela noma iyiphi impompo kagesi ukuthi isetshenziswe njengephampu yomlilo. Lokhu bekungahlosiwe, futhi ulimi lwabuyekezwa ukuze kucaciswe kangcono leli phuzu.
Ukuze kube lula ukubuyekezwa nokugunyazwa yiziphathimandla ezinekhono (AHJ) kanye nabanye ababambiqhaza abahilelekile ekufakweni kwamaphampu omlilo, imithethonqubo emisha yemininingwane yokuklama nemidwebo yengeziwe. Izinga manje lizodinga ukuthi amapulani ahlobene adwetshwe emdwebeni wosayizi ofanayo ngokuhambisana nesilinganiso esishiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlelo manje luhlanganisa imininingwane ethile mayelana nezici ezihlukahlukene zokufakwa kukonke, njengemininingwane ehlobene nokukhiqizwa kwephampu, imodeli nosayizi, ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi, ukudonsa amapayipi, amadrayivu ephampu, izilawuli, namaphampu okulungisa ingcindezi.
Uma ukuhlolwa kokugeleza kwamanzi kusetshenziswa ukuze kutholwe ukuthi ukuphakelwa kwamanzi ephampuni lezicishamlilo kwanele, i-NFPA 20 manje idinga ukuthi ukuhlola kuqedwe zingakapheli izinyanga eziyi-12 ngaphambi kokulethwa kohlelo lokusebenza, ngaphandle uma kuvunyelwe ngenye indlela i-AHJ. Abanye abantu bakhathazeka ngokuthi, kwezinye izimo, idatha yokuhlola endala engabonisi ngokunembile isimo samanje sokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi isetshenziswa njengesisekelo sokuklama sokukhethwa kwamaphampu omlilo. Kulesi simo, lapho ukunikezwa kwamanzi empeleni kungaphansi kwenani elikhonjiswe idatha yokuhlola endala, ukuhlolwa kokwamukela kungase kubonise ukuthi ukucindezela kokukhipha kwepompo kungaphansi kwenani elibaliwe futhi akwanele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zesistimu yonke. . Ukuhlola nokuhlola ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi kuyinkimbinkimbi, kudinga ukuqonda ukuma nokusebenza kohlelo lwamanzi, futhi kungaqedwa kuphela izisebenzi ezinekhono.
Amakamelo okumpompa kanye namagumbi okumpompa azimele aqukethe okokusebenza kwephampu yomlilo adinga ukuvikelwa okukhethekile, njengoba kufakwe ohlwini lwe-NFPA 20 ngendlela yetafula. Okunye okufakwe kuthebula elifanele kubhekiselwa kumagumbi okumpompa kanye namagumbi okumpompa angafuthwanga ngamanzi. Abanye abafundi be-NFPA 20 basihumushe kabi isihloko, okusho ukuthi i-NFPA 20 ivumela ukushiywa kwezifafaza ezindaweni ezinjalo ezakhiweni ezidinga noma ezicabangela ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokufafaza. Ulimi lokubonisana olungeziwe ukuze kucaciswe ukuthi injongo yesihloko esithi “Okungafafazwanga” etafuleni iwukunquma uhlobo lokuvikela umlilo lwephampu yomlilo esakhiweni esingafafaziwe—okungukuthi, igumbi lokumpompa lidinga ukuhlukaniswa kwezinye izakhiwo futhi isakhiwo lakhiwe ngamahora ama-2, noma igumbi lokumpompa lidinga ibanga Isakhiwo esihlinzekwa yigumbi lokumpompa okungenani singamafidi angama-50 ubude. Inhloso yalesi sihloko akukhona ukuhlinzeka ngokuhlukile ekushiyweni kwezifafaza ekamelweni lephampu yomlilo yesakhiwo esifafazwe ngokuphelele.
I-NFPA 20 ihlinzeka ngokuvikeleka kwempahla yephampu yomlilo kanye nalabo abadinga ukufinyelela emishinini yephampu yomlilo uma kwenzeka kuba nomlilo. Nakuba i-NFPA 20 idinga ukuthi umnyango wezicishamlilo uhlele ukufinyelela ekamelweni lephampu yokucima umlilo kusenesikhathi, manje futhi idinga indawo yegumbi lepompo lokucima umlilo ukuba ihlelwe kusenesikhathi. Ukwengeza, i-NFPA 20 idinga ukuthi amagumbi okumpompa angakwazi ukungena kuwo ngokuqondile ngaphandle kwesakhiwo ahlinzeke ngephaseji elivaliwe elisuka ezitebhisini ezivalekile noma iminyango yokuphuma yangaphandle eya egumbini lokumpompa. Inguqulo yangaphambilini ye-NFPA 20 idinga ukuthi iphaseji ibe nesilinganiso sokumelana nomlilo okungenani amahora angu-2.
Ukubuyekezwa kuka-2013 kudinga ukuthi iphaseji ibe nesilinganiso sokumelana nomlilo njengegumbi lepompo; okungukuthi, esakhiweni esifafazwe ngokugcwele kuhlanganise negumbi lokumpompa, umzila udinga kuphela ihora elingu-1 lokumelana nomlilo. Izinga lokumelana nomlilo lephaseji eliholela egumbini lokupompa akumele lidlule izidingo zegumbi lepompo lomlilo. Uma igumbi lepompo lomlilo kanye nephaseji lakhiwe njengendawo ehlukile yokuxhumana eqondile, umzila uzoba yingxenye yegumbi lepompo lomlilo, futhi udinga kuphela ukuhlukanisa igumbi ngezinga elifanayo lokumelana nomlilo njengephampu yomlilo. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi imigomo eyengeziwe ngale ndaba iyasebenza ezakhiweni eziphakeme.
Ukuze kuncishiswe isiphithiphithi ku-flange yokumunca, i-NFPA 20 icacisa usayizi ojwayelekile wepayipi lokumunca ngokusekelwe kumthamo wephampu yomlilo. Lawa masayizi amapayipi acacisiwe asekelwe kusilinganiso sokugeleza esiphezulu samafidi angu-15 ngomzuzwana ku-150% womthamo olinganiselwe wephampu. Abasebenzisi be-NFPA 20 bazoqaphela ukuthi lesi sigaba somthetho sisusiwe endikimbeni evamile futhi sengezwe etafuleni njengombhalo waphansi. Abanye abasebenzisi bezinga bahumusha ngokungalungile lolu lwazi lwesivinini njengesimo sokuqinisekisa phakathi nokuhlolwa kokwamukela iphampu. Kunalokho, inhloso yokufaka lolu lwazi ukuhlinzeka ngolwazi oluthile lwangemuva mayelana nomsuka nokuthuthukiswa kobukhulu obunqunyiwe beshubhu lokumunca.
Ngaphandle uma kunezimo ezithile ezihlangatshezwana nazo, i-NFPA 20 idinga ukuhlelwa kwamapayipi okumunca ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ayikho ingcindezi engalungile endaweni yokudonsa yephampu. Iphampu yomlilo eyi-centrifugal ayifanele ukuphakanyiswa noma ukudonsa amanzi ngase-flange yayo yokudonsa. Isidingo sokuthi ingcindezi yokumunca ku-flange yokumunca ingekho ngaphansi kuka-0 psi iyasebenza ekufakweni okuhlanganiswe neyunithi yephampu eyodwa kanye nokufakwa okuhlanganiswe namayunithi amaningi ephampu yomlilo okuhloswe ukuthi asebenze ndawonye. Ukuchitshiyelwa kwalesi sigaba somthetho kucacise ukuthi ekufakweni kwamaphampu amaningi, yilawo maphampu kuphela aklanyelwe ukusebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa acatshangelwa lapho kuhlolwa izimo zengcindezi yokumunca. Abanye abasebenzisi be-NFPA 20 abayiqondanga kahle le mfuneko futhi ihlanganisa amaphampu angasasebenzi noma lawo asebenza kuphela lapho kumiswa iphampu enkulu. Lokhu akuyona inhloso yesigatshana.
Okuhlukile okukhona kwemfuneko yengcindezi enhle ku-flange yokumunca kuvumela ngokuqondile i--3 psi suction pressure. Lokhu okuhlukile kusebenza esimweni lapho iphampu yokucima umlilo isebenza ngo-150% wokugeleza okulinganiselwe ngenkathi iphampa ethangini lokugcina phansi. Umbhalo wokunamathiselwe walokhu okuhlukile ubuyekeziwe ukuze uqondise zonke izinhlobo zamaphampu omlilo amaphakathi, hhayi lawo maphampu omlilo avundlile kuphela. Ezinye izichibiyelo zombhalo wokunamathiselwe zikhombisa ukuthi ekupheleni kwesikhathi esidingekayo sokugeleza kwamanzi, uma ukuphakama kwegumbi lokumunca iphampu lilingana noma lingaphansi kwezinga lamanzi ethangini lokugcina, i-margin ye -3 psi suction pressure reading ivunyelwe. Inguqulo yangaphambilini ibhekisela ekuphakameni kwegumbi lokumpompa phansi kanye nephansi lethangi. Umbhalo obuyekeziwe uqinisekisa kangcono ukuthi akukho lift noma ukungezwani okuzokwenzeka phakathi kwethangi lamanzi kanye ne-flange yokudonsa yephampu yomlilo. Njengoba kushiwo manje kusithasiselo, lapho iphampu isebenza ngomthamo ongu-150% futhi amanzi ethangini esezingeni eliphansi kakhulu, i--3 psi suction pressure margin ilandisa ngokulahleka kokungqubuzana kwepayipi lokumunca.
Amadivayisi athile asemgqeni wokumunca angabangela amazinga angathandeki okugeleza nesiyaluyalu, futhi avimbele ukusebenza kwepompo nokusebenza. I-NFPA 20 njengamanje ibeka ukuthi phakathi kwamafidi angu-50 we-pump suction flange, awekho amavalvu angafakwa epayipini lokumunca ngaphandle kwesiqu sangaphandle esisohlwini namavalvu ejoka (OS&Y). Lesi sigaba somthetho sabuyekezwa ukuze kucaciswe ukuthi, ngaphandle kwamavalvu e-OS&Y asohlwini, awekho amavalvu “okulawula” angase afakwe phakathi kwamamitha angu-50. Lesi sigaba somthetho sabuye sabuyekezwa ukuze kuqondiswe ngqo amathuluzi okuhambisa kabusha. Lezi zinguquko zinikeza ukuvumelana okungcono nezinye izinhlinzeko zendinganiso futhi zicacise inhloso yezidingo, okuwukukhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwamavalvu ovemvane kuphela, nokuvumela ukufakwa kwamavalvu esango le-OS&Y, amavalvu okuhlola kanye nemishini yokubuyisela epayipini lokumunca. Kodwa sicela uqaphele ukuthi kwezinye kuphela Ukufakwa kwamavalvu okuhlola kanye namadivayisi agelezayo epayipini lokumunca kuvunyelwe kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezidingwa izindinganiso noma i-AHJ. Uma i-valve yokuhlola noma idivayisi yokuvimbela ukugeleza kwe-backflow idingeka phezulu komfula wephampu yomlilo, i-NFPA idinga ukuthi idivayisi okungenani ibe namadayimitha amapayipi ayi-10 phezulu komfula we-flange yokudonsa.
Izinto ezifakwayo ezifana nezindololwane, amateyi kanye namajoyinti awela epayipini lokumunca kuzobangela ukuthi amanzi agelezele empompini angalingani. Ukungalingani kwenzeka lapho ukulingana kushintsha indiza yokugeleza ngokuhlobene nendiza yokugeleza ngepompo yomlilo. Lokhu kugeleza okungalingani kuzonciphisa ukusebenza nempilo yesevisi yepompo. I-NFPA 20 ikhawulela indawo nokuhlelwa kwezinto ezinjalo kumapayipi okudonsa. Ukufakwa kwamapayipi okunjalo akufanele kufakwe phakathi kwamadayimitha epayipi ayi-10 we-flange yokumunca. Okuhlukile kwamanje kulo mthetho kuvumela indiza ephakathi nendawo yendololwane ukuthi iqonde ngqo kushafu wepompo ohlukaniswe ngokuvundlile kunoma iyiphi indawo yembobo yokudonsa iphampu. Lokhu kuhlelwa kwendololwane akudali izimo zokugeleza eziyingozi. Enguqulweni elandelayo, lokhu okuhlukile kunwetshiwe ukuze kufakwe izikibha.
Lapho iphampu yomlilo incela phansi ethangini lokugcina, i-NFPA 20 idinga amalungiselelo athile okukhishwa kwethangi lokugcina. Lapho amanzi egeleza ephuma ekuphumeni kwethangi lamanzi, ama-vortex avame ukwakheka, angenise umoya epayipini lokumunca futhi andise ukuvela kwesiyaluyalu. Kwenzeka okufanayo lapho amanzi ekhishwa kusinki noma kubhavu. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, isiyaluyalu nokugeleza okungalingani kutheku lokudonsa lephampu kufanele kugwenywe.
Ukuze uvimbele lesi simo, i-NFPA 20 idinga ukusetshenziswa kwamadivayisi avimbela ukwakheka kwama-eddy currents. Le divayisi ivamise ukubizwa ngokungalungile njengepuleti le-vortex, kodwa igama elithi NFPA 20 libuyekeziwe ukuze lihlobane kangcono ne-NFPA 22 (Okujwayelekile Kwamathangi Amanzi Omlilo Ozimele) nokucacisa ukuthi idivayisi empeleni “ipuleti le-vortex “” A. ipuleti elisetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwe-vortex. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ireferensi ye-Hydraulic Association's "Pump Centrifugal, Rotary Pump, and Reciprocating Pump Standard" yengezwe kumbhalo wokunamathiselwe ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nesihloko.
Kusukela ngohlelo lwango-2003, i-NFPA 20 ivumela ukusetshenziswa kwama-throttles okumunca aphansi lapho i-AHJ idinga ingcindezi enhle emugqeni wokudonsa. Inhloso yalolu hlobo lwevalvu ukusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umfutho wepayipi elimunca awehli ufinyelele ezingeni elinqunyiwe elibalulekile ngenxa yezimo ezitholakalayo zokuhlinzeka ngamanzi. Isibonelo, lapho ipayipi elikhulu lamanzi likamasipala lisetshenziswa njengomthombo wamanzi wesistimu yokuvikela umlilo, okuyinhloko kungase kunganikezeli amanzi amaningi njengoba iphampu yomlilo ingampompa, ikakhulukazi uma iphampu isebenza ngaphansi kwezimo eziseduze nokugcwala ngokweqile. Ukwehla kwengcindezi endaweni eyinhloko kamasipala kungaholela ezimweni ezingathandeki, ezifana namanzi angaphansi komhlaba noma ukugeleza okubuyela emuva, noma ezimeni ezimbi kakhulu kungabangela ukudilika okuyinhloko.
Uma i-AHJ idinga ukusetshenziswa kwe-valve yokumunca ephansi, i-NFPA 20 idinga ukuthi i-throttle valve enjalo ifakwe emgqeni wokukhipha phakathi kwepompo kanye nevalve yokuhlola ukuphuma. Ulayini wokuzwa oxhunywe epayipini lokumunca ulawula indawo ye-throttle valve. Lapho ingcindezi yokuncela yehlela kungcindezi yokudonsa esethiwe (imvamisa engu-20 psi), ivalvu iqala ukuvala, ngaleyo ndlela ikhawulele ukugeleza futhi igcine ingcindezi yokudonsa ezingeni elisethiwe.
Lapho amanzi egeleza nge-valve ye-throttle, ukulahlekelwa kwe-friction kuzokwenzeka, okudinga ukucatshangelwa ekwakhiweni kwesistimu. Ukulahlekelwa okushayisanayo okuhlotshaniswa nalawa madivayisi kungaba okuphawulekayo. Isibonelo, geleza ngamayintshi angu-8. Imishini ingase ibangele ukwehla kwengcindezi kufika ku-7 psi. Nakuba inguqulo yamanje iqukethe umbhalo wezeluleko walesi simo, inguqulo yango-2013 izophoqelela ukuklanywa kwesistimu yokuvikela umlilo ukuze kucatshangelwe ukulahlekelwa ukungqubuzana nge-valve ephansi yokudonsa endaweni evulekile ngokugcwele.
I-NFPA 20 idinga ukuqapha i-valve yokulawula ukuphuma endaweni evaliwe. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, lo mthethonqubo ungase uhunyushwe ngokungalungile ngokuthi usho ukugadwa kwama-valve ezindaweni zokuxhumanisa ipayipi elihlukahlukene elixhunywe kunhlokweni kaningi yokuhlola. Lokhu akuyona inhloso yezinga. Kubekwe ngokucacile ukuthi i-valve yokulawula epayipini eliphakathi kwepayipi lokukhipha kanye nesihloko se-hose valve test idinga ukugadwa endaweni evaliwe; i-valve yangaphandle ku-outlet ngayinye yesihloko sokuhlola ayidingi ukugadwa.
Imithethonqubo yangaphambilini ebidinga igebe elingekho ngaphansi kweyintshi elingu-1 ezizungeze amapayipi adlula ezindongeni noma phansi yenze izinguquko ezinkulu. Ububanzi bemithethonqubo buncishisiwe ukuze kufakwe kuphela izindonga, usilingi kanye naphansi kwendawo ebiyelwe yephampu yomlilo. Ixazulula ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izikhala, imikhono yamapayipi namajoyinti aguquguqukayo, futhi ihlinzeka ngokuhambisana kangcono nezidingo ze-NFPA 13, izinga lokufakwa kwezinhlelo zokufafaza.
Igama elithi "i-valve yokunciphisa ingcindezi" ngokuvamile lisetshenziselwa ama-valve amakhulu alinganiswa ukuze akhiphe amanzi amaningi endaweni yokukhipha ipompo yomlilo. Ukusetshenziswa kwalesi valve kunqunyelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile. Igama elithi “valvu yokukhulula umfutho wegazi” libhekisela ku-valve encane yokukhulula ingcindezi esetshenziselwa ukukhipha inani elincane lamanzi ukuze apholise lapho kungekho manzi akhishwayo ezansi nomfula wepompo lomlilo. I-motor kanye ne-radiator yokupholisa injini ye-dizili iphampu yomlilo eyi-centrifugal idinga i-valve yokuphepha yokujikeleza phakathi kwembobo yokukhipha iphampu yomlilo kanye nevalvu yokuhlola ukuchithwa. Ivalvu eyengeziwe yokunciphisa ingcindezi ejikelezayo iyadingeka ezansi nomfula wevalvu yokunciphisa ingcindezi, ebuyela embobeni yokumunca ngepayipi. Uma iluphu yokuhlola imitha ibuyela embobeni yokudonsa yephampu yomlilo ngepayipi, ivalvu yokuphepha yomjikelezo eyengeziwe nayo iyadingeka.
Imithetho ye-valve yokukhulula ingcindezi ihlelwe kabusha ukuze kucace ukuthi i-valve yokukhulula ukucindezela ivunyelwe kuphela ukusetshenziswa lapho izimo zokusebenza zepompo "ezingavamile" ezilandelayo zenza izingxenye zesistimu zithwale ukucindezela okudlula izilinganiso zazo zokucindezela: (1) Idizili injini yephampu 110 % Ukusebenza kwesivinini okulinganiselwe, (2) isilawuli sokunciphisa isivinini sikagesi esiguquguqukayo sigijima ngaphesheya komugqa (isivinini esilinganiselwe).
I-NFPA 20 ivumela ukukhishwa kwevalvu yokukhulula ingcindezi ukuthi kubuyiselwe epayipini lokumunca ngepayipi. Umthetho omusha kuhlelo lwango-2013 uphathelene nepompo eshayelwa injini kadizili ehlanganisa ukupholisa isishintshi sokushisa enjinini. Kulolu hlelo, isignali yezinga lokushisa lamanzi okupholisa elingu-104 F eliphezulu elisuka endaweni yokufaka injini yesishintshi sokushisa amanzi izothunyelwa kusilawuli sephampu yomlilo. Ngemva kokuthola lesi signali, uma singekho isignali esebenzayo ephuthumayo ecela ukusebenza kwephampu yomlilo, isilawuli sizomisa injini.
Ukujikeleziswa kabusha kwamanzi akhishwa empompini abuyele epayipini lokumunca iphampu kungase kubangele izinkinga ngoba amanzi ajikeleziswa kabusha awasetshenziselwa ukupholisa injini kuphela, kodwa futhi ukupholisa izinga lokushisa lomoya enjini. Ukupholisa kwezinga lokushisa lomoya wenjini kubalulekile ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokukhishwa kwenjini ze-US Environmental Protection Agency. Amazinga okushisa ebangeni elingu-150 F abonwe. Nakuba kungase kube nokugeleza kwamanzi okwanele ukupholisa ngokwanele injini kulawa mazinga okushisa aphakeme, izinga lokushisa lechweba lokungena alikwazi ukupholiswa ngokwanele futhi lingabangela injini ukuthi isebenze ngaphandle kobubanzi obuthobelana ne-EPA. Nakuba i-valve yokunciphisa ingcindezi ivula kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo zokucindezela ngokweqile, futhi i-valve yokusiza ingcindezi ejikelezayo kufanele ifakwe futhi ukuze kusize ukugcina izinga lokushisa kwamanzi, lesi sinyathelo sokuqapha esengeziwe sathuthukiswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhambisana nokukhathazeka okubanzi okuhlobene namaphampu omlilo.
Kuhlelo luka-2010, kwachazwa umqondo wamayunithi wepompo yomlilo we-tandem, futhi kwachazwa ukuhlelwa kweyunithi yephampu yomlilo okuhloswe ekusebenzeni okuhlangene, okungukuthi, iphampu yokuqala imunca amanzi ngokuqondile emanzini, futhi iphampu ngayinye elandelanayo imunca amanzi umthombo wamanzi odlule. Iphampu. Lolu hlobo lweyunithi yochungechunge luvame kakhulu ezakhiweni eziphakeme kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezinkulu nezakhiwo. Emijikelezweni emibili yokuqala yokubuyekezwa, okuhlanganisa uhlelo luka-2013, iKomidi Lobuchwepheshe Lephampu Yomlilo lachitha umzamo omkhulu wokubuyekeza imithethonqubo yokuhlelwa kwamayunithi epompo yomlilo we-tandem.
Inkinga emaphakathi ihlobene nendawo yeyunithi yephampu yomlilo. Emijikelezweni emibili edlule, kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi wonke amaphampu akha uhlelo lweyunithi yephampu yomlilo yochungechunge kufanele abekwe ekamelweni elilodwa lephampu yomlilo. Ohlelweni luka-2013, okuhlukile kwenziwa ukuze kuvunyelwe ukufakwa kwephampu yomlilo ukuthi kubekwe emakamelweni ahlukene ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Nakuba lolu limi luphasise ukubuyekezwa kweKomidi Lokupompa Umlilo, lubuyiselwe emhlanganweni we-NFPA Association Technical Meeting ngoJuni nonyaka. Nakuba izinguquko ezihlongozwayo zingeke zisebenze, isihloko cishe sizophinde sivezwe emjikelezweni wokubuyekeza olandelayo. Ukuphikisana ngobunzima bokuqondisa ukusebenza kwamayunithi amaphampu omlilo amaningi ezimweni eziphuthumayo, ukwenza imisebenzi yokuhlola efanele, nokuqinisekisa ukwethembeka kwesistimu iyonke kuzoqhubeka. Ukwengeza, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi nakuba i-NFPA 20 izoqhubeka nokuvumela ukuhlukaniswa okuqondile kwamayunithi ephampu yomlilo, iziphathimandla ezithile azikuvumeli lokhu kulungiselelwa.
Uma iheda yokuhlola iphampu yomlilo ifakiwe, i-NFPA 20 idinga ukuthi ifakwe odongeni lwangaphandle noma kwenye indawo ngaphandle kwegumbi lokumpompa ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuphuma ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa. Isakhiwo sangaphandle siyasiza ekukhipheni ukugeleza kwamanzi endaweni ephephile, futhi sinciphise umthelela wokudonswa kwamanzi ngephutha kumaphampu ezicishamlilo, izilawuli, izinjini, izinjini zikadizili, njll. Umbhalo omusha wokunamathiselwe ungeziwe ukuze ubhekane nezimo lapho amakhanda okuhlola akwazi khona. kucatshangelwe izindawo ezingaphakathi kwesakhiwo. Esimeni lapho umonakalo odalwe ukweba noma ukucekelwa phansi kwempahla udinga ukucatshangelwa, ivalvu yepayipi yesihloko sokuhlola ingase ibe esakhiweni kodwa ngaphandle kwegumbi lephampu yomlilo. Uma ngokusho kwesahlulelo se-AHJ, ukugeleza kokuhlola kungaqondiswa ngokuphepha ngaphandle kwesakhiwo ngaphandle kwesidingo Ingozi engalungile yokufafaza kwamanzi emishinini yepompo yomlilo.
I-NFPA 20 ivumele ama-flow metres ukuthi asetshenziswe njengemishini yokuhlola ukugeleza kwamanzi isikhathi esithile. Ngesikhathi sokufakwa, i-NFPA 25, indinganiso yokuhlola, ukuhlola nokugcinwa kwezinhlelo zokuvikela umlilo ezisekelwe emanzini, idinga amamitha okugeleza ukuze ahlolwe futhi alinganiswe kabusha njalo ngemva kweminyaka emithathu. Nokho, i-NFPA 20 ayinazo izinhlinzeko zokwenza ukulinganiswa kwe-flowmeter noma ukulinganisa kabusha. Inguqulo ka-2013 manje idinga ukuthi uma idivayisi yokulinganisa ifakwe ohlelweni lwendandatho yokuhlola ukugeleza kwepompo yomlilo, enye indlela yokulinganisa ukugeleza nayo iyadingeka. Idivayisi eyisipele kufanele ibekwe ezansi nomfula futhi ixhunywe ngochungechunge ne-flowmeter, futhi isebenze ngaphakathi kwebanga lokugeleza elidingekayo ukuze kuhlolwe ukugeleza okugcwele kwephampu yomlilo. Ukwengeza, izinga manje lizosho ukuthi enye indlela eyamukelekayo yokulinganisa ukugeleza iyinhloko yokuhlola enosayizi ofanele. Ngaphandle kokuthi ukuhlelwa okuchazwe kule mithetho emisha engenhla kunikezwa, ukulinganisa kwe-flowmeter kudinga ukususwa ngokomzimba kwesisetshenziswa nokuhlolwa ngohlelo olungase lungabonisi impompo yangempela kanye nokufakwa kwamapayipi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le ndlela ingaba nzima futhi ibize. Ukwengeza, izinguquko ohlelweni lwamapayipi kanye nokuhlelwa kokuhlolwa kungase kungafani nokufakwa kwephampu kwangempela, futhi imiphumela yokulinganisa kabusha ingase ingatshazwa.
Inguqulo yangaphambilini ye-NFPA 20 ibidinga ukufakwa kwe-valve esohlwini ebonisa uvemvane noma i-valve yesango kanye ne-valve yokudonsa amanzi noma ukwehla kwebhola ekhanda lokuhlola epayipini lapho unhlokweni wokuhlola utholakala ngaphandle kwephampu noma ebangeni elithile ukusuka epompo futhi lapho. kuyingozi yokubanda. Imithethonqubo isibuyekeziwe ukuze idinge amavalvu ovemvane noma amavalvu esango kanye nama-drain valves noma ama-ball drops kuzo zonke izimo. Uma kungekho valve, amanzi azofinyelela isikhundla sekhanda lokuhlola ngaphansi kwengcindezi, ekhathazayo. Amanzi angakhishwa kalula ohlelweni lokucisha umlilo ngokusebenzisa unhlokweni wokuhlola ngezinjongo zokulwa nomlilo. Enye inkinga ukuphepha kwabasebenzi abahlola iphampu. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwepayipi kanye nesihloko sokuhlola kuphephe kakhudlwana, futhi akukho ngcindezi yamanzi enhlokweni yokuhlola. Ngemva kokuqedwa kokuhlolwa, ivalvu yokuvuza eyindilinga ikhulula ukucindezela namanzi epayipini.
I-NFPA 20 njengamanje ibeka ukuthi uma isivimbeli sokubuyela emuva esixhunywe epompo sidingeka, kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokukhethekile ukwanda kokulahlekelwa kwengcindezi okubangelwa ukufakwa kwesivimbeli sokubuyela emuva. Ngakho-ke, lapho iphampu yomlilo isebenza ku-150% womthamo wayo olinganiselwe, i-NFPA 20 idinga ukuthi ingcindezi yokumunca okungenani engu-0 psi irekhodwe ukuze ifakwe. Le mfuneko ingase ihunyushwe ngokuthi isho ukuthi ingcindezi yokumunca irekhodwa kudivayisi yokubuyisela esikhundleni se-flange yokumunca iphampu. Inguqulo elandelayo icacise ukufundwa kwengcindezi endaweni yokudonsa yephampu yomlilo.
Izidingo zokuvikela ukuzamazama komhlaba ziye zacaciswa ukuze zibonise ukuthi zisebenza kuphela ezimweni lapho imithetho yendawo idinga ngokukhethekile ukuvikelwa kwezinhlelo zokuvikela umlilo emonakalweni wokuzamazama komhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho yangaphambilini mayelana nokufakwa kwezingxenye zepompo isusiwe ukuze bakwazi ukumelana nokunyakaza kwe-lateral okulingana nengxenye yesisindo semishini. I-NFPA 20 manje idinga imithwalo yokuzamazama komhlaba evundlile ukuthi isekelwe ku-NFPA 13; SEI/ASCE7; noma i-AHJ eyamukelekile imithombo yasendaweni, yesifunda, noma yamazwe ngamazwe.
Lezi zinguquko zihambisana kakhulu nezindlela zamanje ezisetshenziselwa ukuvikela izakhiwo kanye nezinhlelo zemishini ezihlobene namandla abangelwa izehlakalo zokuzamazama komhlaba. Umqondo wokusebenzisa isigamu sesisindo semishini awuhlakaniphile kuzo zonke izimo. Abasebenzisi be-NFPA 20 kudingeka baqaphele ukuthi imithwalo evundlile ekhiqizwayo izohluka kuye ngendawo yesiza sephrojekthi. Nakuba i-NFPA 13 inikeza indlela eyenziwe lula yokunquma umthwalo, futhi i-SEI/ASCE7 iqukethe indlela ebanzi, i-NFPA 20 ayikugunyazi ukusetshenziswa kwalawa mazinga ereferensi, kodwa ivumela i-AHJ ukuthi yenze isinqumo sokugcina.
I-NFPA 20 ichaza ukuhlanganiswa kwephampu yomlilo ehlanganisiwe njengokuhlanganiswa kweyunithi yephampu yomlilo ehlanganiswa endaweni yokupakisha futhi ilethwe njengeyunithi endaweni yokufaka. Izingxenye ezidinga ukufakwa kuhlu kuphakheji ehlanganiswe ngaphambilini zifaka amaphampu, amadrayivu, izilawuli, nezinye izisetshenziswa ezinqunywe iphakheji. Lezi zesekeli zihlanganiswe esisekelweni esinezindlu noma ezingenaso. Izidingo zezingxenye zokupakisha zandisiwe. Izingxenye zeyunithi yepompo zizohlanganiswa futhi zilungiswe esakhiweni sefreyimu yensimbi. Umshiseli ohlanganisa iyunithi yokupakisha uzohlangabezana nezimfuneko zeSigaba 9 se-ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code noma i-American Welding Society AWS D1.1. Umhlangano wonke kufanele ufakwe ohlwini oluzosetshenziswa yiphampu yomlilo, futhi uklanywe futhi waklanywa umklami wesistimu ngokuhambisana nemiyalelo eku-NFPA 20. Okokugcina, wonke amapulani namaphepha edatha kufanele ahanjiswe kwa-AHJ ukuze abuyekezwe, kanye nekhophi egxiviziwe ye ukulethwa okugunyaziwe kufanele kugcinwe ukuze kugcinwe amarekhodi.
Lezi zinguquko zenziwa ukuze kulawulwe kangcono ukuthi ubani onesibopho sokuqinisekisa ukuthi iyunithi yephampu ephelele iyakhiqizwa, ifakiwe, futhi isetshenziswa njengoba kulindelekile. Nakuba umkhiqizi wephampu yomlilo ngokuvamile eyibhizinisi elidingekayo ukuze kuxazululwe noma yiziphi izinkinga zokufakwa, umkhiqizi wephampu akayena ngempela iqembu elihlanganisa izingxenye zephampu yomlilo ezipakishiwe.
Kwezinye izindawo, ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwamaphampu ezicishamlilo nemithombo yamanzi, okufana nokusuka endaweni ehambisa amanzi kamasipala, akuvunyelwe. Kwezinye izimo, imithombo kamasipala noma eminye imithombo yamanzi ayikwazi ukunikeza ukugeleza okuphezulu okudingwa uhlelo lokuvikela umlilo, noma izimo zokugeleza zishintshashintsha kakhulu. Kuzo zombili izimo, ukusetshenziswa kwethangi eliphazamisayo ukuphazamisa noma ukunqamula ukuxhuma emthonjeni wamanzi kunikeza ukukhetha okungaba khona kwedizayini. Ithangi lamanzi eliphazamisekile ithangi lamanzi elihlinzeka ngokumunca iphampu yomlilo, kodwa umthamo noma usayizi wethangi lamanzi mncane kunalowo odingwa uhlelo lokucisha umlilo olunikezwayo; okungukuthi, ithangi lamanzi alikwazi ukuqukatha amanzi adingekayo ekusebenzeni kwalo lonke uhlelo lokulwa nomlilo.
Ithangi elinqamukile lisetshenziswa kakhulu (1) njengendlela yokuvimbela ukugeleza emuva phakathi komthombo ophakela amanzi kanye nepayipi elimunca lephampu yokucima umlilo, (2) ukuqeda ukuguquguquka komfutho womthombo ophakela amanzi, (3) ukuhlinzeka ngomfutho wokumunca ozinzile futhi ohlale njalo uma kuqhathaniswa wephampu yomlilo, kanye/Noma (4) Ukuhlinzeka ngokugcinwa kwamanzi ukuze kwandiswe imithombo yamanzi engakwazi ukunikeza ukugeleza okuphezulu okudingwa uhlelo lokucisha umlilo.
I-NFPA 20 idinga ukuthi usayizi wethangi lamanzi ulungiswe ukuze amanzi agcinwe ethangini lamanzi anomsebenzi wokugcwalisa ngokuzenzakalelayo kumele ahlinzeke ngokugeleza okukhulu kwesidingo sesistimu nobude besikhathi. Njengoba iphampu yomlilo isebenza ku-150% womthamo wayo olinganiselwe, ubukhulu bethangi lamanzi kufanele futhi buhlale okungenani imizuzu eyi-15. Ukwengeza, i-NFPA 20 ihlanganisa imithethonqubo ephathelene nokugcwaliswa kabusha kwethangi likaphethiloli futhi idinga ukuthi indlela yokugcwalisa ifakwe ohlwini futhi ihlelwe ukuthi isebenze ngokuzenzakalelayo. Imithetho eqondile yokugcwalisa, njengaleyo ehlobene nokugcwalisa amapayipi, amapayipi okudlula, amasignali ezinga loketshezi, njll., isekelwe kusayizi wethangi lilonke. Uma ubukhulu bethangi bungangokuthi umthamo walo ungaphansi kwesidingo sesistimu esiphezulu semizuzu engama-30, isethi yemithethonqubo iyasebenza. Uma ithangi lilinganiselwe ukuze umthamo walo ukwazi ukuhlangabezana nesidingo esikhulu sohlelo okungenani imizuzu engama-30, kuzosebenza enye isethi yemithethonqubo. Kubuyekezwe futhi kwahlelwa kabusha isigaba emathangini asikiwe ukuze kucaciswe imithetho esebenzayo ngokusekelwe kusayizi wethangi.
I-NFPA inikeza isiqondiso esengeziwe sokusiza imisebenzi ehlelwe kusengaphambili ukuze umnyango wezomlilo uthole futhi uhlinzeke ngempahla yephampu yomlilo ezakhiweni eziphakeme. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe embhalweni omusha wesijobelelo, indawo yegumbi lokumpompa esakhiweni esiphakeme kakhulu idinga ukucatshangelwa okufanele. Uma kwenzeka umlilo, izisebenzi zivame ukuthunyelwa ekamelweni lepompo ukuze ziqaphe noma zilawule ukusebenza kwepompo.
Indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuhlinzeka ngokuvikelwa kulaba baphenduli ukufaka igumbi lokupompa ngokuqondile ngaphandle kwesakhiwo. Kodwa-ke, leli lungiselelo alisebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi noma lisebenziseka ezakhiweni eziphakeme. Ezimweni eziningi, amakamelo okumpompa ezakhiweni eziphakeme kakhulu adinga ukutholakala ezitezi eziningi ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi komhlaba.
Uma igumbi lokumpompa lingalinganiselwe, i-NFPA 20 idinga indlela evikelekile phakathi kwezitebhisi negumbi lephampu yomlilo. Izinga lokumelana nomlilo lephaseji kufanele lifane nezinga lokumelana nomlilo elidingekayo ezitebhisini zokuphuma eziholela egumbini lokupompa. Imithetho eminingi yokuphepha yesakhiwo kanye nokuphila ayivumeli igumbi lokumpompa ukuthi liholele ngqo ezitebhisini zokuphuma ezivalekile, ngoba igumbi lokupompo alisona isikhala esivame ukuhlala. Kodwa-ke, umzila ophakathi kwezitebhisi oholela egumbini lokumpompa kanye negumbi lepompo eliphezulu noma eliphansi udinga ukuba mfushane ngangokunokwenzeka futhi uholele kwezinye izindawo zokwakha kancane ngangokunokwenzeka. Lokhu kunikeza isivikelo esingcono sabaphenduli abangena nabaphuma egumbini lokumpompa uma kwenzeka kuba nomlilo.
Indawo kanye nokwakheka kwegumbi lokumpompa kufanele futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi amanzi aphuma emshinini wokupompa (njengegland yokupakisha) kanye nevalvu yokukhipha kanye nevalvu yokukhulula umfutho ziphathwa ngendlela ephephile.
Njengengxenye yeSahluko sesi-5, umqondo wezakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu wethulwa kuhlelo lwango-2013. Isakhiwo esiphezulu sichazwa njengesakhiwo esisezingeni elihlala endaweni esingamamitha angu-75 ngaphezu kwezinga eliphansi kakhulu lokufinyelela imoto yomnyango wezomlilo. Imithetho yangaphambilini ye-NFPA 20 ihlukanise kakhulu izakhiwo ezifana nesigaba esifanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isakhiwo singamafidi angu-200 noma amafidi angu-2000 ubude. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izakhiwo zinde kangangokuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthi imishini yepompo yomnyango womlilo wokuphendula inqobe ukuphakama okuhambisanayo nokulahlekelwa kokungqubuzana ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokugeleza nokucindezela kwesistimu yokuvikela umlilo ezitezi eziphakeme kakhulu. Nakuba inguqulo yangaphambilini ye-NFPA 20 ibhekisela ezakhiweni noma ezindaweni ezingaphezu kwamandla okupompa kwemishini yomnyango womlilo kwezinye izimo, inguqulo ye-2013 inezidingo eziqondile kakhulu "zezakhiwo ezide kakhulu". Kodwa-ke, abafundi kufanele baqaphele ukuthi eminye imithetho yezimo ezinjalo nayo itholakala eSahlukweni 9, esiphathelene nokunikezwa kwamandla okufakwa kwephampu yomlilo kagesi.
Ukuze "izakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu", ukufakwa kwephampu yomlilo kudinga ukunikeza ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe nokuphindaphinda, njengoba kuchazwe ngezansi. Esikhundleni sokuxhumanisa imithetho emisha yezakhiwo ezide kakhulu nokuphakama kwesakhiwo esithile, izidingo ezisekelwe ekusebenzeni ezihlobene nokuphendula umthamo wokupompa womnyango wezomlilo ziyaphakanyiswa. Umnyango wezomlilo uthenga imishini ehlukene enamandla okupompa ahlukene, ngakho-ke izinga elisekelwe kuphela ekuphakameni kwesakhiwo esiphezulu lilinganiselwe. Ithimba lokuklama manje lidinga ukuqinisekisa ngokuqondile amandla okupompa omnyango womlilo ekuphenduleni iphrojekthi ngayinye. Imithetho eyengeziwe ephathelene namathangi amanzi angasebenzi kanye namaphampu ezicishamlilo nayo yengezwe ezakhiweni ezinde kakhulu.
Uma umthombo omkhulu wokuphakelwa kwamanzi kuyithangi lamanzi, kudingeka amathangi amanzi amabili noma ngaphezulu. Uma igumbi ngalinye lingasetshenziswa njengethangi lamanzi elihlukile, ithangi lamanzi elilodwa elingahlukaniswa libe izingxenye ezimbili livunyelwe. Isamba esiphelele sawo wonke amathange noma amakhompathimenti okugcina kufanele sanele ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo zokuvikela umlilo zohlelo olufanele. Usayizi wethangi ngalinye noma indawo yokugcina impahla kufanele uqinisekise ukuthi okungenani amaphesenti angama-50 ezidingo zokuvikela umlilo angagcinwa uma noma iyiphi ingxenye noma ithange lokugcina lingasebenzi. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi lo mthetho awudingi ukuthi ithangi ngalinye likaphethiloli noma ikhompathimenti ingahlinzeka ngezidingo zalo lonke uhlelo. Kodwa-ke, ithangi ngalinye likaphethiloli kanye/noma indawo yethangi likaphethiloli kufanele ibe nesisetshenziswa sokugcwalisa esizenzakalelayo esingahlinzeka ngezidingo zesistimu eziphelele. Nakuba ukuhlinzekwa kwamathangi okugcina okungasasebenzi noma amakhompathimenti kwethulwa oshicilelo luka-2010, kwasetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni ezakhiweni eziphakeme kakhulu ngohlelo lwango-2013.
Amaphampu omlilo ezindaweni ezedlula kancane noma ngokuphelele amandla okumpompa emishini yomnyango wezomlilo kufanele afakwe iyunithi yephampu yomlilo elindile ezenzakalelayo ezimele ngokuphelele noma amayunithi amaningi ukuze zonke izindawo zikwazi ukugcina isevisi ephelele lapho noma iyiphi iphampu ikhishwa. Enye inketho ukuhlinzeka ngezindlela ezisizayo zokuhlinzeka ngazo zonke izidingo zokuvikela umlilo ezamukelekayo ku-AHJ. Le nketho yesibili ivumela ukuxoxisana ne-AHJ ukuhlinzeka ngemisebenzi yephampu yomlilo engadingekile. Isistimu yesiphakamisi samanzi adonsela phansi eklanywe ngokunengqondo ingase ibe ukukhetha ukuhlangabezana nale mfuneko. Khumbula, kungase kube nama-AHJ amaningi ephrojekthi ethile yokuklama.
Ipayipi elidonsayo elinikeza iphampu yokucima umlilo lidinga ukushaywa ngokwanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amatshe, udaka nezinye izibi ngeke zingene empompini noma ohlelweni lokucisha umlilo futhi zidale umonakalo. Inguqulo yangaphambilini yezinga ihlanganisa amathebula amabili acacisa isivinini sokushaywa kwamaphampu angashintshi kanye namaphampu amahle agudluza. Ohlelweni lwango-2013, lawa mathebula ahlanganisiwe, asebenza kuwo wonke amapayipi okumunca, futhi asekelwe kusayizi ovamile wepayipi lokumunca. Izinga lokugezwa kwamapayipi anosayizi omncane nalo libuyekeziwe ukuze libonise izinga lokugeleza kwamanzi cishe elingamafidi ayi-15 ngomzuzwana.
Uma ubuningi bokugeleza okuguquguqukayo obushiwo bungakwazi ukufinyelelwa, izinga lizovumela ukugeleza kokugeleza kudlule u-100% wokugeleza okulinganiselwe kwephampu yomlilo exhunyiwe, noma isidingo esikhulu sokugeleza sesistimu yokucisha umlilo, kuye ngokuthi yikuphi okukhulu. Ulimi olusha lubonisa ukuthi lokhu kugeleza okuncishisiwe kuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa okwamukelekayo, inqobo nje uma ukugeleza kudlula ukugeleza komklamo wesistimu yokuvikela umlilo.
Ukwengeza, ulimi olunamathiselwe lwengezwe ukuze lubonise ukuthi uma amanzi atholakalayo ehluleka ukuhlangabezana nezinga lokugeleza elishiwo ezingeni elijwayelekile, umthombo ongeziwe, njengepompo evela kumnyango womlilo, ungase udingeke. Izinga manje lizophinde lihlanganise nolimi olubonisa ukuthi izinqubo zokushaywa kufanele zenziwe, kufakazelwe futhi zisayinwe ngaphambi kokuxhunywa ephampuni yokucima umlilo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-16-2021
